English Grammar In Easy Steps For Beginners.

[English Grammar in easy steps for beginners] Grammar is like the recipe for language. Without it, sentences would be like a jumble of words without any clear message. Just like spices add flavor to food, grammar gives meaning to language. It guides the direction of our words and helps us understand each other’s thoughts. For instance, imagine eating food with no seasoning—it wouldn’t taste right. Similarly, without grammar, speech loses its meaning.

English grammar is like the rule book for English. It tells us how to arrange words in sentences, what words to use, and when to use them. This includes things like where to put words, how to build sentences, different word types like nouns and verbs, when actions happen, and how to describe things. We use grammar in English to make sure our writing and speaking make sense, are clear, and are easy to understand. It helps us communicate effectively, sound professional, and get our message across clearly.

So this was a small introduction about this page, so we have to be determined on ourselves and trust ourselves in this process and start our beautiful journey of English grammar learning.

[English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Part Of Speech

What is Part of Speech?

Hello friends, here I am going to tell you about the part of speech. When we make a sentence, then our sentence is formed by combining noun, verb, adverb, adjective etc. When we divide that sentence into small parts, then we call it part of speech. That means our sentence is a speech and those are our parts of sentence (speech).

Lets take an other example of Part of speech. It is a spice of English Grammar to make the English beautiful. If we take an example of food, that many ingredient in recipes that ingredient are like part of speech for making food delicious. There are 8 part of speech in english grammar which is mentioned below with example. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

There are Eight parts of Speech in English Grammar.

NOUN
PRONOUN
VERB
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE
PREPOSITION
CONJUNCTION
INTERJECTION

NOUN

If you’ve ever wondered what a noun is, you’ve come to the right place. Basically it’s known as the naming word. It may be the name of a Person, Place, Things, Animals and Ideas. At times, they function as the subject or object of the sentence. Everything in the universe is called a noun. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Example:

Ram lives in Mumbai.

I like to drive my car.

Types of Nouns:

Nouns can be classified on the ‘basis of the meaning’ & the ‘basis of the form’.

According to the basis of the meaning it can be classified as Proper nouns and Common Nouns.

2. Based on their form, common nouns are categorized into Countable and Uncountable.

A. PROPER NOUN

A term indicating the name of a particular person, place, or thing is termed a Proper Noun. The first letter of a proper noun is consistently capitalized. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

(Ex. Taj Mahal, Ram, Odisha like this)

Example:

1. My name is Ajay

2. I love London.

B. COMMON NOUN

The Common noun that refers to the unit of a common thing. For example, People , birds, girls, rivers, and cities like this. It’s not mentioning a particular thing.

Example:

1. I am a fan of Sachin Tendulkar

2. Sita likes this Restaurant.

Types of Common Nouns

1.Collective nouns:

Collective nouns refer to common nouns representing a gathering or collection of people or objects sharing a similar kind or category. Examples include “team,” “herd,” or “flock,” conveying unity among individuals or items of a particular type..

Example:

Our class took a field trip to the park.
A flock of birds flying in the sky.

2. Concrete nouns or Material Noun :

A concrete noun is a word for something real and touchable, like things you can taste, touch, or see. It’s about things that exist physically in the world.

Example:

The house at the end of the street belongs to me.
My dog likes to eat bread.

3. Abstract Noun:

Abstract nouns are words for things we can’t touch, like feelings or ideas. They’re about stuff we think or feel, not things we can see or touch, like love or freedom.

Example:

Man has both good sides and evil sides.
Ram has a fear for dogs.
They Love each other

Below mentioned table is the example of

Collective Noun
Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun.

Noun: Number

Based on their form, common nouns are categorized into two parts that is Countable and Uncountable.

A. Countable noun:

The countable nouns that denote things that can be counted.Countable nouns can be divided into Singular and plural. Concrete nouns are mainly countable.

B. Uncountable nouns:

Uncountable nouns represent things that can’t be counted. They don’t have plural forms and don’t follow the singular-plural concept.

Example:

Beauty is truth.
Have you got some paper to draw a picture?

COMPOUND NOUN

Compound nouns combine two or more words, creating a single entity. These compound words can be crafted in three different ways, showcasing the versatility and flexibility of language.

❖ Open form

❖ Closed form

❖ Hyphenated form

❖ Open form:

Compound nouns are special words that act as one, even though they’re written as two or more words with spaces between them.

Example:

Post office
Middle class

❖ Closed form:

It’s when two words come together to form a single word without any punctuation or spaces.

Example:

Baseball
Keyboard

❖ Hyphenated form:

In this, two or more words are linked by a hyphen to create a compound word.

Example:

Eight-pack
Brother-in-law

Form

Noun + Noun

Noun + Verb

Noun + Adverb

Verb + Noun

Verb + Adverb

Adverb + Noun

Adverb + Verb

Adjective + Noun

Adjective + Verb

Adjective + Adjective

Noun + Preposition

Verb + Preposition

Preposition + Noun

Preposition + Verb

Example

Bedroom, Motorcycle

Waterfall, Raindrop

Hanger-on, Passer-by

Washing machine, Swimming pool

Lookout, Overdue

Input, Output

Blackboard, Greenhouse

Public speaking, Dry-clesning

Red-orange, Golden yellow

Love-in

Takeout, check-in

Underworld, Bystand

Take-in, Drawback

Possessive Nouns

Possessive nouns are nouns which show ownership or possession. This type of sentences create by using apostrophe “s” after or end of the noun. For example Ram’s Car (Singular Possessive) another one Students’ Books (Plural Possessive).

Nouns: Gender

According to Gender Noun can be divided in to 4 parts. Follow the structure below to get more information.

Masculine gender:

A noun that denotes male is said to be of the Masculine gender

Example:

Father
Son
King

Feminine gender:

A noun that denotes female is said to be of the Feminine gender.

Example:

Mother
Daughter
Queen

Common gender:

A noun that denotes either a male or female is said to be of the Common gender.

Example:

Child
Baby
Infant
Student

Neuter gender:

A noun that denotes neither a male or female is said to be of the Neuter gender

Tree
Car
Computer
Eye
Body
Sky

VERB

What is Verb ?

Verbs are the action of a subject. And it’s the action and style.
The word that stands for doing or being something is called a verb.
Verbs are the king of the English Language.

Example:

I speak English.
Ram went to the market.
He is standing .

Basic Form of Main Verb

Some Important Formula for Verb

V1– It is the 1st form of the verb. It is the plural form of the verb It is the present form of the verb.
Use: (Sub + V1 + Object) simple present

V2– It is the 2nd form of the verb. It is the past form of the verb. No singular no plural.
Use : ( Sub + V2 + Object) simple past

V3– It is the 3rd form of the verb. No singular no plural. It is the perfect form of the verb.
Use: Present perfect (Sub + Has/Have + V3 + Object)
Past perfect (Sub + Had + V3 + Object)
Future perfect (Sub + Will/Shall + Have + V3 + Object)

V4– It is the 4th form of the verb. No singular no plural. It is the ‘ing’ form of the verb.
Use: Present continuous (Sub + Is/Am/Are + V4 + Object)
Past continuous (Sub + Was/Were + V4 + Object)
Future Continuous (Sub + Will/Shall + Be + V4 + Object)

V5– It is the 5th form of the verb. It is the singular form of the verb. It is the s/es form of the verb. It is the present form of the verb.
Use; Simple present tense Structure:- (Sub + V5 + Object)

What is Regular & Irregular Verb?

Regular Verb: A regular verb is a type of verb in the English language that follows a consistent and predictable pattern when forming its various tenses and participles. Regular verbs adhere to a standard set of rules for conjugation, making them relatively straightforward to use and learn compared to irregular verbs. In a simple word we can called Regular verb change their tense form. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]
Irregular Verb: An Irregular verb is a type of verb in the English language that not follows a consistent and predictable pattern. In a simple word we can called Irregular verb don’t change their patterns according to tense.

List Of Regular & Irregular Verb

Regular Verb

V1 V2 V3

Buy Brought Brought

Catch Caught Caught

Teach Taught Taught

Think Thought Thought

Make Made Made

Irregular Verb

V1 V2 V3

Cut Cut Cut

Put Put Put

Hit Hit Hit

Set Set Set

Wet Wet Wet

Irregular Verb: These are the remaininga irregular words Let, Cost, Read, Spread, Shut, Brust these words are also same form.

Transitive & Intransitive

Transitive Verbs: Transitive verbs are action words needing a direct object to convey their full meaning. A direct object, a noun or pronoun, receives the action of the verb. In simpler terms, these verbs must impact something or someone directly for the sentence to make sense; otherwise, it feels incomplete or confusing.

Examples of transitive verbs with their direct objects:

She ate (transitive verb)…………..? an apple (direct object).
He wrote (transitive verb)…….. ..?a letter (direct object).
They built (transitive verb)………..? a house (direct object).

2.Intransitive Verbs: Intransitive verbs are independent—they express an action or state without needing a direct object to complete their meaning.

Examples of intransitive verbs:

She slept (intransitive verb) peacefully.
He ran (intransitive verb) to the store.
The birds fly (intransitive verb) south for the winter.

NB: It’s important to note that some verbs can function as both transitive and intransitive depending on the context of the sentence:

Transitive usage: He opened the book.
Intransitive usage: The book opened easily.

In the first example, “opened” is transitive because it requires a direct object “the book.”

In the second example, “opened” is intransitive because there is no direct object involved. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Finite and Non-finite Verb

1. Infinite

Infinite: ‘To’ is used before the main verb.

Example:

I like to play cricket.

He likes to dance.

2. Gerund

Gerund: ‘Ing’ used with the verb.

Example:

Swimming is my favourite sport.

They love eating pasta.

3. Patriciple

Participle: 3rd form of the tense is used with the verb.

Example:

I am tired.

He was asked a question.

PRONOUNS

A pronoun serves as a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase within a sentence. It can replace the name of a person, place, or thing. Typically, a pronoun is employed in lieu of a specific noun, aiding in the prevention of unnecessary repetition.

Type of Pronouns

A. Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns function as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases. The various categories of personal pronouns are illustrated below.

Example:

He agreed to look after the baby.
They went to the museum.

B. Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns come into play when the subject and object of a sentence are the same. We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object when it matches the subject of the verb. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

List of reflexive pronouns:

Example:

1. How many apples do you have?

2. Which way is the hotel?

C. Relative pronouns

A relative pronoun is like a guide in a sentence. It starts a group of words that adds more details to a noun. It’s called “relative” because it’s connected to the word the group of words is talking about. The usual relative pronouns are.

Example: Who, Whom, Whose, Which,That

D. Interrogative Pronoun

An interrogative pronoun in English is a pronoun used to introduce a question. These pronouns are specifically designed to inquire about a person, thing, amount, or manner. The main interrogative pronouns in English are who, which, where, how and what.

Example:

Who: Used when asking about a person or people.
- Example: Who is coming to the party?
Whom: Also used for asking about a person, often used in more formal contexts or when the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition.
- Example: Whom did you see at the park?
What: Used to ask about things, actions, or ideas.
- Example: What is your favorite color?
Which: Similar to “what,” but it often implies a choice between options.
- Example: Which book do you want to read?
Whose: Used to ask about possession or ownership.
- Example: Whose jacket is this?
Whosever, whichever, whatever: Used in more complex sentences for emphasis or to convey a sense of any person, thing, or whichever choice.
- Example: Whosoever finds the key can open the chest.

E. Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite pronouns are words in English that do not refer to any specific person, place, thing, or amount. They are more general and are used when the identity or quantity is unknown, unspecified, or not the focus of the communication. Some common indefinite pronouns include. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Example:

I would like to go somewhere this summer.
Someone gave me this book.

F. Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points to a specific item in a sentence. It indicates things in space or time, serving as a shortcut to avoid repetition. Examples include “this,” “that,” “these,” and “those,” helping clarify the particular items referred to within a conversation or text.

G. Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns convey ownership in a sentence. Two types exist, simplifying language by replacing the need to repeatedly mention the owner. Examples include “his,” “hers,” and “theirs.”

Strong possessive pronouns:

[Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Its, Ours, Yours, and Theirs.]

Weak possessive pronouns:

[My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Your, and Their.]

Example:

This is my elder sister. Her name is Jonsy.
Your plan is more exciting than mine.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are describing words. They tell us more about nouns, like a person or a thing in a sentence. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Examples of adjectives in the below table.↓

Types of Adjectives

1. Attributive Adjectives

They’re adjectives that come before the nouns they modify.

Example:

1. He gave me brown Chocolates.

2. Possessive Adjectives:

Possessive Adjectives are used to show ownership or possession.

Example:

1. I am a Doctor.

2. This is my table.

3. Demonstrative Adjectives:

A demonstrative adjective describes “which” noun or pronoun refers to. These adjectives include the words.

4. Indefinite Adjectives:

These adjectives point to non-specific items similar to indefinite articles.

★ Any ★ Few ★ Many ★ No ★ Several

Example:

1. I don’t want no one’s help.

2. We have many openings.

5. Interrogative Adjectives:

Interrogative adjectives pose a question. They need a noun or pronoun by their side.

6. Proper Adjectives:

Proper adjectives are usually capitalised as proper nouns.

Example:

I love KFC burgers
Japanese machiners are long lasting.

Adverb

An adverb is a word that describes how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. Think of adverbs as the words that give us extra information about the actions, characteristics, or other details in a sentence.

The Role of Adverbs

Adverbs answer questions like:

How? (manner)

When? (time)

Where? (place)

To what extent? (degree)

Why? (reason)

Types Of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner: These tell us how something is done. They often end in “-ly.”

Example: She sings beautifully.

2. Adverbs of Time: These tell us when something happens.

Example: We will leave soon.

3. Adverbs of Place: These tell us where something happens.

Example: They searched everywhere.

4. Adverbs of Degree: These tell us to what extent something is done.

Example: I am very happy.

5. Adverbs of Frequency: These tell us how often something happens.

Example: He always wakes up early.

How Adverbs Enhance Sentences

Adverbs provide more context and detail, making sentences clearer and more interesting. Compare these sentences:

Without adverb: She runs.

With adverb: She runs quickly.

See how the second sentence gives us a better picture of her running style?

Placement of Adverbs

Adverbs can be quite flexible in where they appear in a sentence, but their placement can slightly change the meaning:

Quickly, she ran to the store. (emphasizes the speed)

She quickly ran to the store. (emphasizes the action)

She ran to the store quickly. (emphasizes the manner)

Common Adverbs

Here are some common adverbs you might use:

Manner: slowly, happily, sadly, loudly

Time: now, later, yesterday, tomorrow

Place: here, there, everywhere, nowhere

Degree: quite, almost, too, enough

Frequency: often, sometimes, never, always

Fun Facts About Adverbs

Not all adverbs end in “-ly.” For example: well, fast, hard.

Some words can be both adjectives and adverbs, depending on their use in a sentence. For example: “He is a fast runner” (adjective) vs. “He runs fast” (adverb).

Practice Makes Perfect

Try adding adverbs to these sentences to see the difference they make:

She speaks. (How does she speak? She speaks softly.)

They arrived. (When did they arrive? They arrived early.)

He jumped. (To what extent did he jump? He jumped high.)

PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word that comes before a noun or pronoun to tell us about direction, time, place, location, or to introduce something. Little words like “in,” “at,” “on,” “of,” and “to” are prepositions.

1.Position Preposition:

The Position preposition used to indicate the Position.

[ Above, Across, Among, Against , Around, Behind, Below, Beside, Beneath, Between, By, In, In front of, Inside, Near, Next to, On, Outside, Over, Through, Under, Underneath ]

2.Direction Preposition:

The direction preposition used to indicate the direction.

[ Across, Against, Along, Around, Away(from), Down, From, In(to), Off(of), On(to), Out(of), Over, Through, To, Towards, Under, Up. ]

3.Location Preposition:

In English, a location preposition is a word that helps describe or indicate the position or place of something. Common location prepositions include “in,” “on,” “at,” “under,” “over,” and “between,” among others. They provide information about where things are in relation to other objects or in the surrounding space. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

4.Time Preposition

The prepositions at, in and on are associated with specific time categories.

CONJUNCTION

Conjunctions play a crucial role as they connect and bring together various words and phrases.

A. Coordinating Conjunction:

Coordinating conjunctions consistently appear between the words or clauses they connect.

Or other definition,

Coordinating conjunctions consistently position themselves between the words or clauses they connect.

F A N B O Y S

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Example:

For – He didn’t come to the party, for he was feeling ill.
And – She likes to read books and listen to music.
Nor – I don’t like spinach, nor do I like broccoli.
But – She wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
Or – You can have tea or coffee with your breakfast.
Yet – He has a lot of work, yet he still finds time to exercise.
So – It was late, so we decided to go home.

B. Subordinating Conjunction:

The subordinate clause typically begins with a subordinating conjunction. Some Subordinating Conjunctions are:

After, Although, As, Because, Before, How, If, Once, Since, Than, That, Though, etc….

Example:

Although– Although it was raining, they went for a hike.
Because– She didn’t go to the party because she was feeling ill.
Since– Since he moved to the city, he has been very busy.
Unless – You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.
While – She read a book while waiting for the bus.
If – If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
After– We went out for dinner after we finished our work.
Before – He took a shower before he went to bed.
When – Call me when you get home.
Even though – Even though he was tired, he finished the project.

INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a feeling or emotion, ranging from mild to strong, in an exclamatory manner.

Example of Interjection sentences

Wow! That sunset is absolutely stunning.
Oh no! I forgot my keys at home.
Yay! We won the game!
Ouch! That hurt.
Well done! You aced the exam.
Oops! I spilled my drink.
Hooray! It’s finally the weekend.
Oh dear! The car broke down in the middle of nowhere.
Hey! Look who’s here.
Ah, yes! This coffee is just what I needed

ARTICLES

[English Grammar in easy steps for beginners] Article is a word that modifies a noun and defines which is a person, place, object. We just understand ARTICLE is an adjective that modifies the noun in a sentence. So in our English Grammar there is A, AN, THE is the Articles.

What are the rules for use of article A/AN ?

Rule 1: ‘A’ is used before words beginning with a consonant sound.

For example: A man , A hat , A lamp , A teacher.

Rule 2: The usage of the article ‘an‘ is appropriate before words that commence with a vowel sound, where the initial sound corresponds to A, E, I, O, U.

For example: An apple , An egg, An island

Rule 3: Indefinite Articles ‘A’ must be used before words which begin with a vowel symbol pronounced with the same sound as the ‘y’ or a ‘w’-like sound.

For example: A Euro ,A unicycle ,A union, ,A unique.

Rule 4: Sometimes, ‘an’ is found before words beginning with the letter ‘h’.

Silent ‘h’ : ‘an’ is used before these words.

For example: An hour, An honour, An heir

Rule 5: We use ‘an’ before abbreviations that begin with vowel sounds.

For example: An M.A. , An M.Sc. , An M.B.B.S.

Rule 6: The following word has an indefinite article. Such + a/an + noun (or) Such + a/an + adjective + noun.

For example:

Such a policy , Such an attractive woman

Rule 7: In its original numerical sense of one.

For example:

Not a word was said.

Twelve inches make a foot.

What are the rules for use of article The?

‘The’ is used for specific, particular objects.

Example;

I purchased some apples. The apple was delicious.

TENSE

Tenses in English grammar dictate the timing and completion status of actions. They inform us about the ongoing or completed nature of an action, whether it’s in the past, present, or future. Understanding tenses is essential for clear communication and accurate expression of time in language.

Present Tense

The present tense in the English language is a grammatical tense that is used to describe actions, events, or situations that are happening right now or are generally true. It is used to indicate actions that are ongoing, habitual, or factual in the present moment.

There are four main forms of the present tense in English. Those are Present Simple, Present Perfect, Present Progressive, Present Perfect Progressive

1. Present Indefinite

It is used to signify scientific facts, universal truths, and actions performed on a daily basis. This tense is also referred to as the Present Simple.

Rules:

Sub + V1 + s/es + object

For Example – He writes Homework.

Sub + does not + v1 + s/es + object

For Example: She does not write a letter.

Does + sub + v1 + s/es + object

For Example: Does she write a letter

Does + sub + not + v1 + s/es + object

For Example: Does she not write a letter?

2. Present Continuous

The present progressive tense, or present continuous tense, expresses ongoing actions at the present moment. It’s formed by combining “am,” “is,” or “are” with the present participle of the main verb.

Rules:

sub + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object

For Example: I am sitting.

sub + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object

For Example: I am not sitting.

is/am/are + sub + v1 + ing + object

For Example: Is he sitting.

is/am/are + sub + not + v1 + ing + object

For Example: – Is he not sitting.

has/have + sub + v3 + object

For Example – Has she written a letter?

3. Present Perfect

It signifies an action that began in the past and has just ended. This grammatical construct, known as the present perfect tense, combines the present tense of “have” with the past participle of the main verb, capturing the recent completion of an activity. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Rules:

sub + has/have + v3 + object

For Example: She has written a letter.

sub + has/have + not + v3 + object

For Example: She has not written a letter.

has/have + sub + not + v3 + object

For Example: Has she written a letter?

4. Present Perfect Continuous

This tense expresses an action that began in the past and is still happening. It’s known as Present Perfect Progressive.

Rules:

sub + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object

For Example: She has been writing a letter.

sub + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object

For Example: She has not been writing a letter.

has/have + sub + been + v1 + ing + object

For Example: Has she been writing a letter?

has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object

For Example : Has she not been writing a letter?

Past Tense

Tense symbolizes the ever moving, non-stop wheel of time which is forever busy gathering moments of the future and throwing them into the dustbin of the past.

There are four main forms of the Past Tense in English. Those are Past Simple, Past Continous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive

1. Past Simple

It is used to indicate an action completed in the past. Used for past habits.

Rules:

[ Subject + V2 ]

For Example: I played football when I was a child.

2. Past Continuous Tense:

Used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.

Rules:

[ was/were + ing ]

For Example: I was driving a car.

3. Past Perfect Tense:

Used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past,usually a long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier.

For Example: The patient had died before the doctor came.

4. Past Perfect Continuous

In English grammar, the past perfect continuous (also known as the past perfect progressive) is a verb tense that is used to describe an action or event that began in the past, continued for some time, and was still ongoing when another action or event in the past happened. It is formed using the past perfect tense of “have” (had) followed by “been” and the present participle (base verb + “-ing”) of the main verb. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Rules:

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is as follows:

(Subject + had + been + present participle (base verb + “-ing”)

Example:

She had been studying for two hours before she took a break.
They had been waiting at the bus stop for half an hour when the bus finally arrived.
I had been working on the project all day before my computer crashed.

FUTURE TENSE

Time and tide wait for no man. So, a period of time following the moment of speaking or writing is called a future tense. In other words, the things that have not happened yet are called future tense.

There are four main forms of the Future tense in English. Those are Simple Future, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continous.

1. Simple Future

This tense tells us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future.

Rules:

[ Will/Shall + Verb (Ist form) ]

For Example: She will write a letter

2. Future Continuous

It is used to express an ongoing or continued action in future.

He will be distributing sweets in the temple tomorrow at 12 o’clock.

Rules: [ Will/Shall + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing ]

For Example: She will be writing a letter.

3. Future Perfect

It is used to express an action which will happen/occur in future and will be completed by a certain time in future.

Rules:

They will have shifted the house by Sunday morning.

[ Will/Shall + Have + Verb (3rd form) ]

4. Future Perfect Continuous

It is used to talk about actions that will commence at a fixed time in future and will continue for some time in future

For Example:

This time tomorrow, I will be enjoying the cricket match in the stadium.

Rules:

[ Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing ]

For Example:

She will have been writing a letter.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice

In active sentences, the subject is active or the subject performs the actions.

For example:

The cow (Subject) is eating (Verb) grass (Object). – [Active Voice.

Passive voice

In passive sentences, the subject is no longer active or the subject is acted upon by the verb

For example:

Grass (Subject) is being eaten (Verb) by the cow(Object)

The Rules to Change the Sentences from Active to Passive Form

The sentence must have objects (transitive verb). If there is no object then there must be a question word who asks the object.
Object active sentences became the subject of passive sentences.
Subject or active sentences into passive sentences that preceded the object word “by”.
The verb used is verb III (past participle) which is preceded by to be.
The adjusted sentence structure by tenses.

Tenses used in Active and Passive voice:

Present Tense

Simple Present:

The simple present tense to make a generalization, to present a state of being, or to indicate a habitual or repeated action.

Present Progressive:

The present progressive to describe an ongoing activity or a temporary action.

Present Perfect:

The present perfect to describe an action occurring in the past but relevant to the present, or extending to the present.

Present Perfect Progressive:

The present perfect progressive to describe an ongoing action

beginning before now and is still relevant to the present.

Past Tense

Simple Past:

The simple past to indicate a general or habitual action occurring in the past or at a specific time in the past.

Past Progressive:

The past progressive to indicate an ongoing action in the past or an action continuing through a specific past time.

Past Perfect:

The past perfect tense is used to indicate an action that was completed before another past action or time reference. The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action itself, not the doer of the action.

Past Perfect Progressive:

The past perfect progressive to indicate a continuing action that began before a past action or time.

Future Tense

Simple Future:

The future to indicate an action that is expected to take place at a future time.

Future Progressive:

The future progressive to indicate an action in future with emphasis on continuing action.

Future Perfect:

The future perfect to indicate a future action expected to be completed before another future action or time.

Future Perfect Progressive:

The future perfect progressive to indicate an action projected to have been going on for a while before a time in the future.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

[English Grammar in easy steps for beginners] Direct and indirect speech, also known as reported speech, are two ways to convey what someone else has said. They are used in English grammar to report or relay statements, questions, or commands made by someone else. Here’s an explanation of both:

1. Direct Speech

- Direct speech is when you quote the exact words spoken by a person. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks.
- Example: She said, “I am going to the store.”

In this example, “I am going to the store” is the exact statement made by the person, and it is presented within quotation marks to indicate that these are the speaker’s words.

2. Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)

- Indirect speech is when you report what someone has said without quoting their exact words. Instead, you convey the meaning of the statement while adjusting pronouns, tenses, and other elements to fit into your own sentence.
- Example: She said that she was going to the store.

In this example, the original statement, “I am going to the store,” has been reported indirectly. Notice the changes:

“I” changes to “she” (change in pronoun).
“am” changes to “was” (change in tense).
The quotation marks are omitted, and the statement is introduced by “She said that…”

Key points:

Direct speech provides the speaker’s exact words, often enclosed in quotation marks.
Indirect speech (reported speech) conveys the meaning of the original statement in your own words and often involves changes in pronouns, tenses, and other elements.

Reporting speech indirectly is commonly used when summarizing what someone has said or when it’s not necessary to provide the exact words. It’s important to understand the rules for shifting pronouns, tenses, and other elements when converting from direct to indirect speech. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Direct and Indirect Speech Punctuation Rules:

★ Inverted commas are excluded.

★ Question mark is converted into a full stop.

★ Exclamation mark is silenced.

★ Comma, in some cases, is used.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

In English grammar, adjectives and adverbs can be used in different degrees of comparison to convey different levels of intensity or degree. There are three degrees of comparison:

positive
comparative
superlative

1.Positive Degree

This is the simplest form of an adjective or adverb and is used to describe a noun or verb without making any comparisons. It represents a basic level of quality or quantity.

Examples:

Positive (adjective): The cat is fast.
Positive (adverb): She sings beautifully

2. Comparative Degree:

This form is used to compare two or more things to determine which one has a higher or lower degree of the quality being described. To form the comparative degree for most adjectives and adverbs, you typically add “-er” to the word or use “more” before it.

Examples:

Comparative (adjective): The cheetah is faster than the lion.
Comparative (adverb): She sings more beautifully than her sister.

3. Superlative Degree:

The superlative degree is used to express the highest or lowest degree of a quality among three or more things. For most adjectives and adverbs, you typically add “-est” to the word or use “most” before it.

Examples:

Superlative (adjective): The cheetah is the fastest animal on land.
Superlative (adverb): She sings the most beautifully of all.

Irregular adjectives and adverbs do not follow the typical “-er” and “-est” or “more” and “most” patterns, and their comparative and superlative forms need to be memorized. For example, “good” becomes “better” in the comparative degree and “best” in the superlative degree.

Examples of irregular adjectives:

Positive: good
Comparative: better
Superlative: best

Keep in mind that not all adjectives and adverbs can be compared. Some are considered absolute and do not have comparative or superlative forms. Additionally, some adjectives and adverbs change in form when comparing different qualities. Learning how to use these degrees of comparison correctly is an important aspect of English grammar. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

MODIFIER

In English grammar, a modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that provides additional information about another word or group of words in a sentence. Modifiers are used to enhance the meaning of a sentence by adding details, descriptions, or explanations. There are two main types of modifiers: adjectives and adverbs.

1. Adjectives as Modifiers:

- Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns (people, places, things, or ideas).
- They provide information about the size, color, shape, age, origin, or other qualities of the noun they modify.
- Examples:
  - Red roses (the adjective “red” describes the noun “roses”).
  - The old man (the adjective “old” describes the noun “man”).

2.Adverbs as Modifiers:

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or even entire clauses.

- They provide information about how, when, where, or to what degree an action is performed or how an adjective or adverb is characterized.
- Examples:
  - She ran quickly (the adverb “quickly” modifies the verb “ran,” indicating how the action was performed).
  - He spoke very loudly (the adverb “very” modifies the adverb “loudly,” indicating the degree of loudness).

Modifiers play a crucial role in clarifying and adding depth to sentences. They help convey more specific and nuanced information, allowing for more precise communication. However, it’s essential to use modifiers appropriately to ensure that they convey the intended meaning and do not lead to ambiguity or confusion in your writing or speech. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

PHRASE

A phrase is a group of words in a sentence that functions as a single unit and conveys a specific meaning. Phrases can consist of two or more words, but they do not contain a subject and a predicate (verb) necessary to form a complete sentence. Instead, phrases serve to add information, modify nouns or verbs, or convey a particular idea within a sentence. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]

Types of Phrase:

Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
Adjective Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Infinitive Phrase
Participial Phrase

Noun Phrase (NP): A group of words centered around a noun and its modifiers. For example, “the big, red apple.”
Verb Phrase (VP): A group of words centered around a verb and its modifiers and objects. For example, “jumped over the fence.”
Adjective Phrase (AdjP): A group of words centered around an adjective and its modifiers. For example, “very beautiful.”
Adverb Phrase (AdvP): A group of words centered around an adverb and its modifiers. For example, “quite quickly.”
Prepositional Phrase (PP): A group of words that begins with a preposition and includes a noun (or pronoun) and any associated modifiers. For example, “on the table.”
Gerund Phrase: A phrase that begins with a gerund (an -ing form of a verb) and functions as a noun. For example, “Swimming is my favorite hobby.”
Infinitive Phrase: A phrase that begins with an infinitive verb (to + base form of the verb) and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. For example, “To win the race, you must train hard.”
Participial Phrase: A phrase that begins with a participle (usually ending in -ed or -ing) and functions as an adjective. For example, “The dog, barking loudly, chased the squirrel.”

Phrases are essential building blocks of sentences, and they help provide context and detail to the language we use. They can be combined in various ways to create complex and meaningful sentences. [English Grammar in easy steps for beginners]